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Prolog Tutorial

Prolog, which stands for PROgramming in LOGic, is the most widely available language in the logic programming paradigm. Logic and therefore Prolog is based the mathematical notions of relations and logical inference. Prolog is a declarative language meaning that rather than describing how to compute a solution, a program consists of a data base of facts and logical relationships (rules) which describe the relationships which hold for the given application. Rather then running a program to obtain a solution, the user asks a question. When asked a question, the run time system searches through the data base of facts and rules to determine (by logical deduction) the answer.

Among the features of Prolog are `logical variables' meaning that they behave like mathematical variables, a powerful pattern-matching facility (unification), a backtracking strategy to search for proofs, uniform data structures, and input and output are interchangeable.

Often there will be more than one way to deduce the answer or there will be more than one solution, in such cases the run time system may be asked find other solutions. backtracking to generate alternative solutions. Prolog is a weakly typed language with dynamic type checking and static scope rules.

Prolog is used in artificial intelligence applications such as natural language interfaces, automated reasoning systems and expert systems. Expert systems usually consist of a data base of facts and rules and an inference engine, the run time system of Prolog provides much of the services of an inference engine.


Prolog Tutorials :

  1. http://www.lix.polytechnique.fr/~liberti/public/computing/prog/prolog/prolog-tutorial.html
  2. http://okmij.org/ftp/Prolog/
  3. http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/d-318/D-318-Files/plbook/logic.htm
  4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog
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What is DjVu?

DjVu (pronounced "déjà vu") a set of compression technologies, a file format, and a software platform for the delivery over the Web of digital documents, scanned documents, and high resolution images.

DjVu documents download and display extremely quickly, and look exactly the same on all platforms with no compatibility problems due to fonts, colors, etc. DjVu can be seen as a superior alternative to PDF and PostScript for digital documents, to TIFF (and PDF) for scanned bitonal documents, to JPEG and JPEG2000 for photographs and pictures, and to GIF for large palettized images. DjVu is the only Web format that is practical for distributing high-resolution scanned documents in color. No other format comes close.

Typical DjVu file sizes are as follows:

* bitonal scanned documents: 5 to 30KB per page at 300dpi (3 to 10 times smaller than PDF or TIFF)
* color scanned documents: 30 to 100KB per page at 300dpi (5 to 10 times smaller than JPEG).
* photos: 2 times smaller than JPEG, about the same as JPEG-2000, but the decoder/renderer is progressive and has minimal memory requirements.
* palettized images: 2 times smaller than GIF (up to 10 times if it's mostly text).
* digital (non scanned) documents: between 1 and 3 times smaller than PDF or gzipped PS (depending on the amount of pictures), but rendering, page flipping, zooming, panning are incomparably faster, and the image quality on screen desplays is much better (antialiased text, etc).

More importantly, all DjVu images render very quickly and can be smoothly zoomed and panned. Pages of a document can be turned instantly, with no annoying delay.

DjVu is used by hundreds of academic, commercial, governmental, and non-commercial web sites around the world to distribute scanned documents, digital documents, and high-resolution photos.

A short technical description of DjVu is available here.

Demos, and general information about DjVu can be found at DjVuZone.org, or at LizardTech.com.

DjVu was originally developped at AT&T Labs-Research. In March 2000, AT&T sold DjVu to LizardTech Inc. who now distributes Windows/CE/Mac plug-ins, and commercial encoders.

DjVuLibre is an open source implementation of DjVu. See the credits/history page for more details.

More Details : http://djvu.sourceforge.net/
Free Online DjVu-PDF Converter : http://www.djvu-pdf.com/
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Facebook Or Spambook !!!???

people are using the popularity of Facebook to create spam messages
recently there are two new kinds of spam that are very popular

one is that of the to see who visited your profile and other of YouTube video



people should understand that we cannot check who visited our profiles
if it was so in demand Facebook itself would have added it to its features
so before clicking Allow them to use your resources just wait for a minute and rethink
ask your friend who has shared that link whether it is genuine or fake always think what is the need of this application and is it worth it to give away my information...



just to let you know what happens when your click on the Allow button




when you click Allow button you enable the application to read all your information...now you will say whats bad in that but now think of it...your information always lead to your password...this is a part of social engineering...this mostly leads to hacking...

there were reports that many thousands of user information was leaked from Facebook due to the same reason...people just blindly allow there private information to be shared...this is totally wrong

as a end note i would not suggest to completely abandon application but to use it wisely don't fall for cheap tricks and try validating the links before you click on them
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BallDroppings - Just Awesome !!





BallDroppings is an addicting and noisy play-toy. It can also be seen as an emergence game. Alternatively this software can be taken seriously as an audio-visual performance instrument. Balls fall from the top of the screen and bounce off the lines you are drawing with the mouse. The balls make a percussive and melodic sound, whose pitch depends on how fast the ball is moving when it hits the line. This delightful application allows experimentation with sound and vision which will compound and intrigue you. Whether you are an adult or child, scientific brainbox or avid gamer. It doesn't have a plot, no heroine, no villain. It has no guns or alien beings. It is simply time to get creative, and those who are creative will love this.

Author:
Josh Nimoy
http://www.jtnimoy.net/
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Particle Playground - This is real Programming...

Use your mouse to interact with the particles on the screen!

BE BOLD. Try some crazy stuff. There is much more there than what you might see at first glance.

Hit Spacebar to take a screenshot (then right-click to save)




There's much more to come, this app being a (non-sensical) physics "simulation" there are tons of fun variables to play with, and a lot of functionality "//commented out". I will soon add a simple gui so that the user can play with the gui themselves!





Technology:
Pure Javascript :D

Author:
Zac Connelly
http://particlejs.appspot.com
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Google Gravity

"Everything that goes up must come down. But there comes a time when not everything that's down can come up."

George Burns couldn't probably imagine that his quote would eventually also be applied Google's main page.

Play with the elements and try searching whenever you get tired of it.



Do Visit !!! Its Fun !!! Click Here

Author:
Hi-ReS!
http://hi-res.net

Location:
London, England

From:
http://www.chromeexperiments.com/detail/gravity/?f=#

Rainmeter - desktop customization platform

Rainmeter is an incredibly customizable performance meter for your PC's desktop.

Once a relatively complicated application, Rainmeter developers have increasingly striven to make the meter's interface more user friendly. This trend started with the 1.0 release and continues now that 2.0 is available. In fact, Rainmeter can do some pretty cool things to your windows desktop, and it's easier than ever now to apply new settings.

Rainmeter now comes pre-installed with a theme called "Enigma", which is a great example of how cool your desktop can look. You can add clocks, calendars, and RSS, as well as a whole range of system monitors. And that's just the beginning. Virtually everything on Rainmeter is customizable, and there are scores of other themes you can download for free to give your desktop a really personal feel.

Enigma has been included specifically because it makes your desktop into a really functional space. You can move different meter windows around on a whim, edit their skins relatively easily, tweak the transparency, and even make them disappear completely. As a way of freshening your desktop, Rainmeter is absolutely fantastic.

While Rainmeter has improved its user friendliness substantially, beginners can still easily get lost in the configuration options and settings. There's really not much reason to mess around with them at all though, unless you want to create your own look. Adding new skins is now much easier and doesn't require coding, although if you want a challenge the option to personalize with your own code is still available.



Rainmeter shows how easy it is to personalize Windows and quite effortlessly revolutionize its looks.

Pros

Pre-installed with stylish Enigma skin
Usability greatly improved
Adds great widgets to your desktop

Cons

Still room for simplification!
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Madotate - 3D Desktop for Windows





If you find your desktop gets overwhelmed by too many open windows there are a number of solutions, from the extravagent like investing in a second monitor, to applications that try to give you an expanded workspace, like the spaces feature of Apple's OSX Leopard.

Madotate is a free English language version of a Japanese developed tool that adds a fourth button to the top right of your windows. Alongside close, full-screen and minimize appears a 3D button. Clicking it will transform your window into a tabbed 3D image, which takes up much less room.

The app was designed for Windows 2000/WP, but also seems to run fine in Vista. The only problem we found was with Adobe Air programs - they don't crash or slow down, but don't transform properly. This was developed before Adobe Air, and unfortunately hasn't been updated since. The 3D effect is quite cool, but if you've played with Deskspace it seems pretty basic in comparison, although Madotate has the advantage of being free.

Matodate is a resource friendly way to add a space saving 3D effect to your windows.

Pros
  • Doesn't require a lot of resources
  • Can improve space management
  • Cool 3D effect
Cons
  • Not 100% compatible with some new programs
Download : http://madotate.en.softonic.com/

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How a Website Opens...

What Happens When You type a web address and Press Go ???


The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in every-day speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. In short, the Web is an application running on the Internet.[22]

Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser, or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it. As an example, consider the Wikipedia page for this article with the URL



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web .



First, the browser resolves the server-name portion of the URL (en.wikipedia.org) into an Internet Protocol address using the global, distributed Internet database known as the Domain Name System (DNS); this lookup returns an IP address such as 208.80.152.2. The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request across the Internet to the computer at that particular address. It makes the request to a particular application port in the underlying Internet Protocol Suite so that the computer receiving the request can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols such as e-mail delivery; the HTTP protocol normally uses port 80. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as the two lines of text




GET
/wiki/World_Wide_Web HTTP/1.1
Host: en.wikipedia.org



The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to Web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfill the request it sends an HTTP response back to the browser indicating success, which can be as simple as



HTTP/1.0 200 OK

Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8


followed by the content of the requested page. The Hypertext Markup Language for a basic web page looks like

The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known ...


The web browser parses the HTML, interpreting the markup (, for bold, and such) that surrounds the words in order to draw that text on the screen.

Many web pages consist of more elaborate HTML which references the URLs of other resources such as images, other embedded media, scripts that affect page behavior, and Cascading Style Sheets that affect page layout. A browser that handles complex HTML will make additional HTTP requests to the web server for these other Internet media types. As it receives their content from the web server, the browser progressively renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and these additional resources.


Courtesy :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web


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Why www Prefix for any website?

In the beginning every computer on the Internet had a unique address.
To send a message to one of them you worked from right to left so you
sent a message to .com which knew the address of mysite.com which knew
the address of fredscomputer.mysite.com. A convention arose so that
you could expect a service to be provided by a computer that had a
suitable name. ftp.mysite.com handled all the FTP file transfers and
pop3.mysite.com handled all the incoming mail. Similarly, the computer
named www located at mysite.com is expected to handle all the http
requests.

The concept is simple but since there are a few computers on the way
they are likely to do some translations for you. If you enter
mysite.com into your browser it may translate it to www.mysite.com
before it accesses the Internet. A computer at mysite.com, or along
the way, could send all http requests to the machine called
fredscomputer.mysite.com but that computer can be programmed to
display the location as www.mysite.com. It may forward some requests
to another computer called www2.mysite.com. To add to the confusion
there can be a few hundred computers cooperating to look like one
computer called, for example, www.google.com.

Courtesy :
http://www.velocityreviews.com/forums/t163812-why-www.html
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Shortcut Key to Switch Between Tabs (Firefox, IE, Chrome, Opera)

Using shortcut key to switch between tabs can save a lot of time. I have no idea how many Internet users who know the keyboard shortcuts, but I’m pretty sure that there are some users who still don’t know the keys yet. So, here you are.

The keyboard shortcut keys to switch between tabs in browsers such as Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and IE is Ctrl + Tab and Ctrl + Shift + Tab

Ctrl + Tab : to switch to the next tab

Ctrl + Shift + Tab : to switch to the previous tab

The keyboard shortcuts below serve the same function and can be used in Firefox, Chrome, Opera and IE, but not in Opera

Ctrl + Page Up : to switch to the previous tab

Ctrl + Page Down : to switch to the next tab

Furthermore, you can also jump to certain tab with Ctrl + the number of tab (again, this doesn’t work in Opera)

For example, you can go to tab no. 2 instantly by pressing Ctrl + 2.

Or, jump to tab 4 directly by pressing Ctrl + 4

Ctrl + 9, on the other hand, is used to jump to the last tab, not the 9th tab.


 
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